Various technical models for the implementation of integrated water and fertilizer management
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Release time:
2020-06-01
1. Cyclic Technical Mode (Intelligent Water and Fertilizer Integrated Machine)
This mode is currently the most effective technology for water and fertilizer saving. It consists of three parts: a control system, an irrigation system, and a planting system. The planting system consists of PVC pipes and a fixed frame, with the PVC pipes fixed horizontally on the frame. Equally spaced round holes are drilled in the upper part of the PVC pipes for planting vegetables and strawberries. The irrigation system consists of a nutrient solution storage device and a circulation device. The nutrient solution stored in the storage tank is specially formulated according to the nutrient elements and proportions required by crops at different growth stages, fully meeting the needs of crops for various nutrients at different growth stages. After planting, the control system starts and stops the irrigation system at set intervals. Once started, the nutrient solution flows continuously from the front end to the rear end of the PVC pipe and back to the storage device under the control of the circulation device for a certain period. Crops absorb water and nutrients during this circulation process. Experiments have shown that cultivating strawberries using this cyclic water-fertilizer integrated cultivation technology only requires 40.9 cubic meters of water and 45.5 kg of fertilizer per mu. Compared with the drip irrigation water-fertilizer integrated cultivation technology mode, this saves nearly 90 cubic meters of water and 14.5 kg of fertilizer per mu. Due to its high technical content and investment, this mode is suitable for application in sightseeing parks.
2. Drip Irrigation Technical Mode (Water and Fertilizer Integrated Drip Irrigation Equipment)
Drip irrigation is a mature technology, but integrating it into a water-fertilizer integrated technology is not as simple as mixing fertilizer into water. Drip emitters require high water purity; otherwise, blockage will occur, leading to poor or no water discharge. Therefore, the fertilizer for the drip irrigation water-fertilizer integrated technology mode must be a special, fully soluble fertilizer. Otherwise, even after multiple filtrations of the fertilizer solution, it is difficult to meet the requirements. The dissolved nutrients will still condense near the water discharge control components, affecting the smoothness of water discharge and damaging the components.
3. Substrate-Based Technical Mode (Water and Fertilizer Integrated Drip Irrigation Equipment)
The irrigation and fertilization methods of this mode are basically the same as the cyclic water-fertilizer integrated cultivation technology mode. The consumption of water and nutrients by strawberries and vegetables is also basically the same. The difference is that the remaining water and nutrients after absorption by strawberries and vegetables are not recycled but are collected by a recovery device and then transported to the corners of the greenhouse for use by crops planted there. This mode is suitable for crops with high economic efficiency, such as strawberries.
4. Gravity-Based Technical Mode
Also known as the miniature water-fertilizer integrated cultivation technology mode, this mode uses the self-gravity of the fertilizer solution in a water tank installed 1.5-2 meters above the ground as its power. A water tank with a volume of about two cubic meters is installed on a water tank bracket installed at one end of the greenhouse. Then, according to the farmer's needs for irrigation methods (such as drip irrigation, micro-sprinkling, in-film furrow irrigation, on-film furrow irrigation, etc.), the corresponding equipment is installed. This mode has relatively broad requirements for water sources and water pressure and does not need to use variable frequency speed regulation to meet the water pressure and water volume requirements of the pipeline system. Therefore, it is more suitable for small-scale production, especially individual households, where it is inconvenient to install conventional irrigation facilities.
5. Spraying Technical Mode (Water and Fertilizer Integrated Drip Irrigation Equipment)
Also known as foliar fertilization or extra-radical fertilization, this involves spraying the required nutrients onto the surface of crop leaves, which are then absorbed through leaf stomata to supplement the necessary nutrients, regulate plant growth, supplement missing elements, prevent premature senescence, and increase yield.
Foliar fertilization can provide nutrients to crops directly and rapidly, avoiding nutrient adsorption and fixation by the soil, and improving fertilizer utilization. It is an effective measure to supplement and regulate crop nutrition, especially under adverse conditions, such as the later stages of crop growth when root fertilization is inconvenient, or when root vitality declines, and nutrient absorption capacity decreases. Under unfavorable soil conditions, such as excessive water, drought, overly acidic or alkaline soil, where root nutrient absorption is hindered and the crop needs rapid growth recovery, root application is difficult or impossible to meet the crop's needs in a timely manner. Foliar fertilization can quickly supplement nutrients to meet the needs of crop growth and development.
Micronutrients are essential nutrients for crop growth and development, but the application amount is very small. For example, molybdenum fertilizer is applied in only a few tens of grams per mu. Root application is difficult or impossible to achieve uniform distribution, while foliar spraying can achieve uniform results. Studies have shown that the utilization rate of boron fertilizer in foliar spraying is more than eight times higher than that of basal application. Foliar fertilization also has the advantage of reducing soil pollution.
Theoretically, foliar fertilization can be applied to various crops, but due to limitations in spraying tools, machinery, topography, and landforms, and the influence of planting benefits, it is currently mainly used for strawberries, vegetables, fruit trees, and crops that are easy to mechanize and have higher benefits. In addition, foliar fertilization can only provide a small amount of nutrients and cannot fully meet the needs of crops. It cannot replace root fertilization and is only a supplementary fertilization technique.
The application of water-fertilizer integration must be combined with "following the laws of crop growth requirements" to achieve true water and fertilizer saving. How to irrigate and fertilize on demand? The agricultural Internet of Things can solve this problem. China's agricultural modernization, especially automation and informatization, has progressed slowly, and the level of rural knowledge is relatively low. For the present, the large-scale application of the agricultural Internet of Things in agricultural production...
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