The principle of integrated water and fertilizer management
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Release time:
2020-09-28
Water and fertilizer integration has been promoted for many years, but the effects have been unsatisfactory. In recent years, with the continuous heating up of agriculture and the influx of various funds, the continuous increase of family farms and medium and large-scale farms has made this technology more and more valued.
Water and fertilizer integration technology is based on sprinkler and drip irrigation technology, integrating irrigation and fertilization. According to soil moisture conditions, crop fertilizer requirements and characteristics, an appropriate proportion of fertilizer and irrigation water are mixed together, and fertilizer and water are sprayed evenly, regularly and quantitatively in the crop growth area.
The advantages of doing so:
First, it is fast-absorbing, has good fertilizer efficiency and high nutrient utilization rate. Traditional fertilization is like taking calcium tablets to supplement calcium, while water and fertilizer integration is like drinking liquid calcium, the difference is obvious;
Second, it avoids fertilizer volatilization loss to a certain extent;
Third, it reduces fertilizer residue in the field and alleviates water pollution;
Fourth, it saves manpower and material resources, especially the amount of fertilizer and irrigation water, reducing production costs. The application of large-area sprinkler and drip irrigation technology can reduce labor costs, and according to Professor Zhang Chenglin of South China Agricultural University's research, the irrigation and fertilization system saves 50%~70% of fertilizer compared with conventional fertilization;
Fifth, it helps to reduce pests and diseases. Water and fertilizer integration technology helps to regulate field humidity and reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases. It also has a good control effect on soilborne diseases (such as Phytophthora blight and Fusarium wilt of Solanaceae plants, which are transmitted by water flow).
The method seems simple, but the expected results are very attractive. Good management can increase production by 30%-80%, but water and fertilizer integration is a comprehensive technology involving many aspects such as farmland irrigation and crop cultivation. It is not easy to use it well.
1. Should basal fertilizer be applied?
In China, most places that have adopted water and fertilizer integration technology still need to apply basal fertilizer. However, abroad, attempts have been made to not apply basal fertilizer, and the results are also good.
So should this basal fertilizer be applied or not?
Actually, this is related to the fertilizer situation.
From the perspective of fertilizer function: basal fertilizer considers the nutrient needs of crops throughout their growth cycle, and slow-release fertilizers are chosen, which is essentially different from the rapid fertilizer supplementation of water and fertilizer integration technology.
From a technical point of view: Due to the use of sprinkler and drip irrigation, in order to avoid nozzle clogging, the quality of water is required first, and the fertilizer dissolved in water must be easily soluble varieties (urea, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, diammonium phosphate, calcium nitrate, etc.). Granular compound fertilizers are generally not used, and humic acid liquid fertilizers must be filtered before use, while basal fertilizers are generally organic fertilizers and compound fertilizers.
Therefore, basal fertilizer should still be applied. Foreigners do not use basal fertilizer not because their fertilizers are more advanced, but because they supplement fertilizer and water every 1-2 days.
2. They all say "small amount and frequent meals", what is this amount?
Water and fertilizer integration all say "small amount and frequent meals", but how to control this amount is really a troublesome matter. Generally speaking, the concentration of water and fertilizer is generally 0.1% of the irrigation flow (that is, 1 liter of fertilizer solution per cubic meter of water). Too much water and fertilizer will also lead to soil salinization, compaction, and deterioration of soil moisture conditions.
First, it should be based on the crop growth cycle, because this kind of fast-acting water and fertilizer is very suitable for topdressing. Various crops have their own periods of vigorous growth, which is the so-called "water and fertilizer critical period". At this time, we usually carry out topdressing. Now it is only replaced by water and fertilizer. How much topdressing was used before, how much is still used now, it can only be applied several times.
Personally, I think the practice of foreigners supplementing water and fertilizer every 1-2 days is not good, and it is only suitable for the use of nurseries of ornamental flowers and plants, because in this way, the growth conditions of plants are too superior, and they will not have the idea of reproduction. They only grow branches and leaves. To achieve high yields, plants should still encounter some "difficulties", so that they have a sense of urgency to reproduce and bear fruit as soon as possible.
Secondly, the quantity should be determined according to the soil moisture condition, but the instrument for soil moisture detection is too expensive, and it often depends on experience.
Furthermore, when crops show signs of fertilizer deficiency, small amounts should be used frequently. If you can see the signs of fertilizer deficiency with your eyes, it means that it is already quite serious. When you are weak, you must pay attention to replenishing it in time, in small amounts, and gradually increase the amount of fertilizer.
Water and fertilizer integration technology can also be used in conjunction with sub-film drip irrigation technology for better results, but this is a later story.
In the final analysis, the greatest role of water and fertilizer integration technology is to reduce costs and increase efficiency, and it is only an auxiliary means. Now various new technologies are emerging in endlessly. Growing crops should still be based on crops. Only by understanding the growth cycle and preferences of crops, and understanding the relationship between soil, weather, and other environmental factors and crops, can these technologies be better used to cultivate better crops.
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